<ƪ>֢·
֢·
ߣ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣѧ֮飬쵤Ϫ 
Ϊϸ壬ֱܷ֮ñġ״ºѧ֮ 
νй˹ϧһδר飬ߣΩ˺ 
ѣѧ֮ϸߣδ֮Ҳʮ꣬飬ҽεЧˬߣ 
ڲᣬͽδΪҲ磬ͬ־Ԭȴ졶ҽѧֱԲҽѧ 
 
踽ӡѱ֮궬־࣬ӡѱȱֹ֮ 
֡ 
ĳӡδգ£ֱ֮嶦ͬʱӡҽᡢ 
ҽıʱԬȫߡ˽ġֱ֮ѣ׷Ƽ 
ܼ֮ġпɲɴ뼴Ӷ֮飬¼ȫ壬͡ѧҽѧ磬ܾСũͨ 
취 
ש֮ĶΪ򡣷һԿﲻҡ 
\xִ촺ֺھ֮Ԥիͣƴᡣ\x 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̦ԭ
ԣΪθ֮ʳʳθ֮á֮֯ϵɵԽ 
࣬书ȫ˽˶ϴԻҺѨҺ 
ʣ 
֢֮ʶкǧ֮󣬴ԭ֮ɲҲ֮棬˶Сͷ̺϶ 
㣬䲻׼ 
 
һ̦ͣ䣬ν̦֮޲֮Ҳбߣʳθʱ 
֮½̦ɫһˣʳ̦ɫθ޸ǣ̦٣ 
и 
θɫֱϣݰ֮ʱΪɫ֮ɫϣΣ 
Ʒǻơư׷ǰףɫںԱѧϸĲο 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˷
ԣһ̦ɫ󣩡 
ʡɫдСʪ֢֮ʹڱгӡѪ֢֮ɫϣ 
⡣̦࣬к̣֮ҩ 
ġġı̦ޣֱѣֱۻѣ 
塢󡣣̼֣֮п֮ߣп֮ߣ 
ߡ̦ɫ񣩡 
ߡ̦ɫ޴ 
ˡ任벻䣩 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̦
ԣɫǳ֮⣬ɬ֮졣 
ɫߣϻɫߣл糴׿ɫߣлƺɫߣۻɫߣɫ 
ߣֽɫߣлȾߣл绢ߣлߣ 
ˮ̦缦ӻưȾߣлƸ̦綹ƶߣ˽Իɫ֢֮֮࣬ 
 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̦
ԣ̦Ũ֮⣬ǳ֮졣бߣа 
ߣа׶Ũ綹ߣа׶׷̺ߣа׳ɿߣаɫߣ 
纵̻ɫߣаߣа綹ߣа綹ߣа 
ʯߣư׷ǰɫ续ۣ֬ɫжһѩɫߣһѩ 
ɫߣŽɫ֮ܲ˪ߣ˽԰̦֢֮֮࣬ 
⣬ϸں 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̦
ԣ̦зֱ̦ߣʺ̦ߣ̦ʹ羵ߣ 
ʸ̦ߣа粵ȥߣֱ絶ӡߣʺߣѺƬ 
ǰ⻬羵ɫɫߣб̦ƤһǮ 
ƻߣ̦ϼԲΣֶɫߣ̶̦ɫߣ 
˽Ա̦֢֮ͬҲں 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ֱ̦Ϸ
ԣɫΪθɫΪ²ʼ֮Ϊʪ¡ȣ֮ɬ 
ϻɫΪθʢ֮Ũ𣬴θʳ֮ϴ֮Ϊʪ» 
֮ʼΪȴн֮ 
糴׿ɫΪθʢ֮θˣθ֭£̦ɫ׿ǳ״ 
ɿݲҲ 
ƺ䣬ɫ֣֮֮ΪθнҺƣ֮Ȼ 
Ϊа裬ΪҺߡֱ֮ɬָߣƽҲ 
ָֻߣ̵Ѫ 
ۻɫɰ׶ΪƣΪۻɫΪҩθ֮򡣼ҲΪʳǳ 
ɫθи֮ʼҲ޿ףν̦֮н̵Ҳ 
ֽɫ̦ƶ࣬˷򡣻̦ɫ 
ȾţΪθ̫θ֮ 
绢ƣѪ֮ 
ϣʪ̵֮򣬹̦޿׶塣 
ˮ̦缦ӻưȾɣ˻ƶ̦֮Ϊ̵ͣʪ򡣻Ϊ֢ 
ˮߣθҩ̦ʽߣֱ֮ 
Ƹ̦綹ƶ֢࣬ҲֱѣҲ£Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ֱ̦Ϸ
ԣ࣬˺к֮Ҳޱ֢״ߣʳͣҲ 
綹࣬˰׶˺кʪа̵ȲҲֱ֮ײ 
ʲߣ֢Ҳ 
׶Ũ綹̵֢࣬Ҳ 
׶׷̺죬ȡ֮Ҳ 
׳ɿаҲ 
ɫν֢̦֮Ҳ 
纵̻ɫ֢̦֮Ҳ 
ףνпʽ֢ҺˣԪݣа֮Ҳ 
綹֢࣬ǻθУ֢ҲĿѣΪ鼫ʵ 
֢֮򣬵ֱ֮ 
綹࣬ν̦Ũпף綹пԻνжߣɫ 
 
ʯ֣θ֭࣬ϴֲ֮ߣ 
ֱ֮ƺɫ²ιۡ 
ư׷ǰף续ۣ֬Ϊѩɫǳ֣ǳѩɫаӪ 
ѩຼɫȶаѪ֮ 
̦Ʊףʺϸͷ΢ߣѩɫ֮ΪѪ֢̦֮ 
 
ѧδӽ򡣹ϸϣֱ֮֮ס 
죬ܲ˪а֮ҩθ֮ĩ 
Σ֢Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ֱ̦Ϸ
ԣ̦Ҳ 
ʺ̦а֣ʳθ˼֣ 
̦ʹ羵Ϊθθˣθ֮ëڣȲʳ֮ 
̵θУë𣬽д˺ζϡ 
ǰ֢ˣϸɬ̵֢ͣغ黬 
ʸ̦϶ߣҺߣζϡ 
а粵ȥθäȥ֮ 
ֱ絶ӡɣҺԪҲ 
ʺѣҲ 
Ƭƣ鳣֮Ҳ꺱д˲ 
ǰ⻬̦ɫΪ֢֮Ҳ 
̦ƤһǮ󣬻ƻףΪ㣬ѪҺ飬̵֮ 
̦ϼԲΣֶɫڽᣬʺ֢֮ա 
̦ɫ֢֮Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̦ɫ任
ԣ̦֮Ϊ״֮ۺ֢ҩɰ׶ƣɻƶˣ 
±̦ν˳ۺ֢ҩɻƶףɰ׶ңɻҶڣɻ̦Ϊ̦ 
 
̦ɢ̦ɢ۶ᣬ̦۶ 
һߣ̦һߡ֢̦֮룬ʯ֮ߣ̦ 
̦߶ѡ滯ɢ 
ܶɢնȻһ֮ӡ̦бնߣҲлҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̦֮˼˲ȥ
ԣ̦֮ˡ滯벵ȥˣдֱ˱ɻˣνˣ̦Ũ 
ɰ 
 
㣬ɢҲù֮֮ʣθθ֭㱻˲У 
д˺ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣʪ֢֢֮ҲȻʪа֣ߣ 
֢Ѫ֣෴ 
򣬲κ֮ӡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ũ̦֮޺֢
ԣŨ̦֮޺֢θϴ̦Ũ֮ȼɷ 
彵 
رҰʡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ŨŨ岻ͬ
ԣŨŨ岻ͬ縯縯綹ߣŨΪܹ࣬ 
θидŨŨ򱡣ëף޿Թ⻬֮ 
һߣΪŨ壬Ϊа֣ʪǡ̵ʳ 
Ѫ̵ΪһΪ࣬һΪ֣֮壬ʧ֮ǧɲ 
˶֣۱棬Էֱ֮ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ǿ
ԣߣ첻֮νҲ顣ߣȡ̶Ҳߣ顣 
ǿߣãﲻ֮νҲԽʧ֮򣬵֮ʣʣ 
η 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̦
ԣϺ̦ɰ׶ƣɻƶߣ˳֢Ҳɰ׶ңɻҶڣɻ 
ߣν̦֢֮Ҳ˶֮ҩ£ȡ̦ߣ 
 
Աα߹֮ȥԺ̦֮ɻƶߣȽ֢֮µ÷ 
θ̿ҲԻ˳֢ʹ˲Ҳ 

